漢斯·霍夫曼肖像照。(圖片:網絡)
只要對美國抽象表現主義繪畫運動的興起與進程稍微有所涉獵的藝術專業圈內人士,對於漢斯·霍夫曼(Hans Hofmann,
1880~1966)這一號「大師級」人物應該不會感到陌生。這是一個相對意義上的說法。所以,恕我無知,能夠完全掌握霍夫曼畢生所作所為者,在馬新兩地畫壇究竟有多少?
藝術評論家克列曼·葛林伯格(Clement Greenberg,
1909~1994)寫過一篇廣為人知的〈前衛與媚俗〉(Avant-Garde and Kitsch),他報告了本身考察不同的社會政治、經濟和文化條件將使文藝的生產與消費邁向某一殊異化發展道路的心得。(在上世紀六十、七十年代的現代派畫家群體中間,將之奉為自我武裝的參考手冊、且死記硬背若干句以逞口舌之快者,想必比比皆是。)葛林伯格對霍夫曼這名啟蒙前輩推崇備至,往往不吝溢美之言,譬如在其一篇專文中,他劈頭第一句便氣焰囂張地宣稱:「霍夫曼的藝術日漸成為美國新繪畫觀念與風格的主要源泉。」⑴可想而知,只要後來的畫家溯流而上,他/她都有可能在某低窪區或者上游支流銜接處與霍夫曼不期而遇。縱然如此,當我把此文拜讀完畢,頓時教人懊惱不已!除了對藝術家的生平有著生動的描述尚屬可取之外,葛林伯格針對霍夫曼的畫作說三道四,唯卻流於表面文字功夫,而不能做出攸關視覺語言或就構型意義上圈點優劣、剖析強弱的有效批評。
綜觀漢斯·霍夫曼一生,我們知道他是一名德裔美國畫家,集藝術創作者、理論奠基者和美育工作者等多重身份於一身,其藝術生涯跨越了兩(三)代人和兩大洲。霍夫曼的作品特色在於他對畫面的結構性、空間感和形式化問題一點都不馬虎,並且採取了非常大膽、強烈對比的色彩作為視覺傳達手段。大家都公認他是二十世紀最有影響力的藝術老師之一,並且被認為對抽象表現主義繪畫運動產生了直接的影響作用。
年輕時霍夫曼曾在巴黎生活,一待就是整整十年之久(1904~1914)。他在這期間發現了塞尚(Paul Cezanne),並與當時的野獸派與立體派諸子,例如馬諦斯(Henry Matisse)和畢卡索(Pablo Picasso)和德洛內(Robert Delaunay)等人有過頻密的接觸,尤其跟後者交往甚篤。葛林伯格在上述同一篇文章中便清楚指出:「沒有人能比霍夫曼更為透徹地瞭解立體主義,或許也沒有人比他更能傳達立體派的要旨。」一九一五年,霍夫曼從巴黎返回德國的慕尼黑,不久就在此創辦了一所藝術學院,足見其個人魅力並非一般;有藝術史學家認為,這也許是史上第一所專為教授現代藝術而設立的學院。到了一九三一年,他決定移民定居在美國,自此之後他便幾乎把時間和精力都放在教學上:霍夫曼從一九三三年開始在紐約的藝術學生聯盟(Art Students
League)任教;翌年,他在紐約市成立了「霍夫曼學院」(The
Hofmann School),前前後後也在麻薩諸塞州的普羅溫斯敦市(Provincetown)另一所分校開設一系列的藝術課程。
霍夫曼在一九四一年正式取得美國公民權。雖然甫在二戰結束約一年後,霍夫曼便辦了首次個人展,然而,一直到一九五八年當他從教育崗位上全面退下來,年逾七十幾的他才能專心創作。霍夫曼在藝術教育上彷彿一名「開路先鋒」似的:他總是憑著一己之力,藉由各種具有實驗性的造型發明——比方說,潑灑技法、書寫效果、平塗表現,等等——為後來者做了鋪路工作。研究者指出,任何人只需在某個基礎上進行研究、探索發展,便會發揮極大的作用力,並藉此來驗證他對戰後美國前衛藝術家群體的影響。⑵在霍夫曼的一眾追隨者中,較為人所知者包括了海倫·弗蘭肯妲勒(Helen
Frankenthaler)、李·克拉絲娜(Lee Krasner)、瓊·米歇爾(Joan Mitchell)、路易絲·奈維森(Louise Nevelson)、阿倫·卡普羅(Allan Kaprow)和拉里·里弗斯(Larry Rivers),甚至像從事藝評工作的葛林伯格或多或少亦從其講課中獲得某些啟示。
【彩圖1】此畫現藏於The Tate London。
霍夫曼堅持抽象藝術源於自然的主張,以及他對精神性價值的信念,尤其強調繪畫作品不可忽略像媒介特性、畫作平面、圖像空間和統一整體等與「雕塑性效果」息息相關的形式化觀念及其操作策略,深深吸引了新生代藝術工作者。「無論如何,」臺灣師範大學美術系藝術研究所教授王哲雄認為「……要瞭解霍夫曼的畫作,他所寫的文字資料是有必要去閱讀與研究。如果我們不熟悉他的繪畫語言,那麼像《龐貝》(Pompeii, 1959)【彩圖1】這幅作品,就不容易單從畫面形式來討論。」⑶逾三十年前,當我還是藝術學院純美術系裡的菜鳥時,首先從油畫課講師那裡聽聞霍夫曼這個大名。但是,在那個信息相對貧乏的年代,我從圖書館一本很鬼重的精裝畫冊中找到他的一幅畫作圖像——嗯!這是僅有的一張彩色複製品了;換言之,同學們莫不是透過二次資源「研習」霍夫曼最著名的「Push-Pull Theory」,大家似懂非懂,也痛苦異常。
以下有關這套空間理論的文字乃譯自美國藝評家威廉·塞茨(William Chapin Seitz)撰著的〈霍夫曼的繪畫哲思〉(Hofmann’s
Philosophy of Painting)評介文章的其中一個小節。⑷為了讓更多有興趣的同道一起研讀這套畫論,我把英文原文附於譯文末端供大家參考乃至進行比照:
推和拉
有關造型創造的玄妙之處乃是立基於二維空間和三維空間的二元關係論。⑸
在霍夫曼那裡,「推和拉」這一組詞本來是用來說明平面和深度⑹的同步操作,沒想到卻引起眾人矚目。它所反映的是一個以上世紀下半葉許多偉大繪畫為主的現象:「唯有從推和拉那參差不一的回力反擊,以及透過其強度變化,使造型⑺創造因而成之。」「推力順應了拉力,以及推和拉的順勢交換作用力。」⑻
人眼所見(跟拓擴的感知方式有所不同)將自然世界中的三維壓縮成為二維建構的表象(跡象)。⑼在人腦中這種含有色光的屏幕顯示了體積效應。由於畫紙和畫布均為平面的,這導致那些「表象(跡象)與畫面從其本質上說別無二致。」正如物理事實,一幅畫係由點、線和面等在一個矩形⑽裡建構的不同色彩和色調而成。如果要取得一種形體效果的話,霍夫曼指出,勢必要避免掉入兩個互相對立的陷阱:其一是消極的與空洞的平面,其二則為仿造的和無效(或作貧瘠、枯燥)的深度。未能觸動人心的畫布是空的,而令人「怦然心動」的畫布卻也是空的:「要這樣的話,畫作表面僅是淪為有品位疊加花飾設計的載體罷了。」環顧我們周遭那些裝飾畫和行畫中便充斥著不少消極平面的例子(在某些所謂「波普藝術家」挪用了廣告宣傳和商業插畫的平庸成份入畫的作品中亦可見一斑)。類似畫作在霍夫曼看來「若非對造型無知那即是空洞而蒼白。」當他提出「空洞的平面」一詞,可以說,他所宣稱的是「形體含量付之闕如。」相反一方的危險是——通過使用文藝復興的觀點和彩繪塑形手段⑾來模仿現實中的深度和體量——「使畫面打造出貌似建築的牆上那樣一個大洞。文藝復興時期有關深度的視角⑿只有一個傾向。前後感無法以圖形方式回應。這產生了一個與圖像空間迥然相異的無效空間。鏡子也(像畫壞的作品般)只不過產生『自然的』空間錯覺。」充其量,幻象主義「代表一個特殊案例」,它僅僅涵括了「關於三維體驗的部份感受」。
一如自然世界中關涉真實與表象(跡象)的二元論關係,造型創作便是要從空間上錯開來。其媒材在完全為了觀眾能見幅度的驅使下運作,作畫者務需造就且要抓住形體特徵,然而卻不違反圖像乃呈二維之特性——這功夫從邏輯上看似乎不可能。「我們要把現實中『從意念上』體驗到的深度轉化到畫面上成為一種移動作用。【插圖2】在移動作用下那些有形載體都是用諸於繪畫的手段……」在畫作表面上所有面的移動也會引發體積的確立。在霍夫曼那裡,由這兩個價值參數、經審美手段擬造的空間是真實的,就其自然性質而言:這個現象是建基於「畫作表面那隱而不顯之固有規律的現實。」對平面的堅持因此絕不意味著排除深度,「這反而說明了要盡全力去實現體積感,而並非全部都拋棄掉。」
【插圖2】模擬自霍夫曼畫作的這張圖表顯示了源自自然界所存在的空間張力(上)繼到藉由畫面上因「移動作用」實現的圖形關係(下)。兩圖中的虛線均表明在中間的平面方塊向前運動,它呈現了在畫布上僅有「一毫厘的片段」的移動即相等於實際上向前進或往後退的偌大差距。
因此,二維平面空間上一個小小變化不但能使到深度和空間產生變化,同時也對於「圖形中有效能力的統合作用」具有巨大影響。
從霍夫曼對雕塑——這個比繪畫更加接近自然的現實的媒介——關於陽性和陰性空間的觀察經驗中也許可以找到對空間的思考更易理解的方式:
所有基本形狀都以體積形式存在。 體積或多或少係由錯綜複雜的平面形成。
平面的特徵是其二維化的表面。平面到處移動,因而定義了基本形狀。基本形狀的主體周圍所有平面的流形運動【插圖1】創建了一個主動而有活力的可塑的形體。我們將物理化的體積定義為多少有點複雜的平面構成。當然,大量類似體積對於造型的分析帶來諸多難處……
雕塑要處理一些基本形狀。這些基本形狀包括:立方體、圓錐體、球體和錐體。每個主體都具有一種獨特的基本形狀……
體積彼此互相滲透,因此已不再是單一構成。當兩個或多個體積相互滲透時,遂能創建一種全新的造型。
基本形狀都是具陽性空間的體積;藉由對這些陽性空間體積的排斥(反向作用)而產生了陰性空間。陽性空間是富有生命的空間——陰性空間則是受力所包涵。兩者同時存在——雙雙皆受制於對方——彼此之間均不可或缺了另外一方。只有在陽性和陰性的空間共存之下才能產生造型的統一實體。
當霍夫曼在討論繪畫、提及「形體必須與空間保持平衡」時,言及形體和空間必須是「三維統一實體的共同存在」,他很有可能是在談論雕塑,抑或是關於現實中的空間等問題。不過,當他給出結論,亦即,「畫作平面上的二維統一整體」可表徵為空間的統一性時,則由此又轉進了另一種媒介和美學的領域。空間感和平坦度必須同時並存,甚且處於緊張狀態中。
【插圖1】霍夫曼在圖中顯示了自然界中單一物體被約化為一個基本形體(這些「基本形體」包括「正方形、立方體、圓柱體、球體」等等)。這些外在表面圍繞著中心形體移動,不但造成表面的緊張感,同時也確立了各個物體之間對「陰性」體積的諸多限制。
綜觀霍夫曼許多近期作品【彩圖2】可見它們或全數或部份由偌大的方形色塊平行分佈在畫面上構而成之。他十分在意隔開這些塊面的間距,不管它們是否互相觸及或重疊一起。在此,他劃分出兩種相反的模式:一來是「重疊的元素在繪畫發展中起著主要作用」,二來則為「移動的元素完全擯除和取代了重疊的元素」,從而使得推和拉更趨模棱兩可。晚近幾年,他較常採用既不那麼顯著、不予重疊的並置元素而且視覺可變性也更高的做法。
霍夫曼他通過身兼畫家和老師長期累積得來的經驗,進而認知了將自然世界的深度⒀轉化為一種形式上的移動作用。「這一全面性的敏銳感覺主宰各種移動作用,最終塑造了一種擬製的深進律動和二維空間的表面律動的共同存在,新的現實遂以繪畫空間的形式生成。」其後果仍在持續調適之中,並且與另一類做法形成張力,因此作為名詞的「空間」和「平面」幾乎變成動詞意義上「推移」和「拉扯」的同義詞。這麼說來,造型的深度永遠不是靜態的,它彷彿自然的深度那般動態十足。「載體在平面上的動勢,唯有通過左右或上下的移動作用才可能實現。若要在平坦的表面上產生推和拉的現象,我們必須明白,自然而然地畫作表面⒁一旦接受干預便會自動起回力作用。 因此,在創作過程中,類似作用只需受到激發便會延伸下去。」
【彩圖2】
【譯註】
1 參見〈漢斯·霍夫曼〉一文,收入葛林伯格著、張心龍譯《藝術與文化》(Art and Culture),臺北市:源流出版事業有限公司,1993年;頁197-203。下文提到讀後「教人懊惱不已」即出自同一篇文章;事實上,葛林伯格筆下其中一些描述,從某種程度上說,彷彿已十分接近有關作品畫面的具體把握,藉此僅舉出一例:「那些奔騰粗獷的筆觸以一種新的色彩張力佈置出深度和體積,建立了一個完整統一的面貌。」
2 有關這方面的討論見於資深藝評人兼策展人凱倫·維爾欽(Karen Wilkin)與佛羅里達州傑克遜維爾(Jacksonville)現代藝術博物館館長瑪塞爾·波勒妮可(Marcelle Polednik)二人對談的視頻〈How
Drawing Provincetown Shaped Hans Hofmann〉(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61TrkPOQEHc)線上觀賞:2020年3月31日。
3 這個說法引自王哲雄,《美育》雙月刊第131期 ,臺北:國立臺灣藝術教育館,2003年1月1日;頁56~59(https://ed.arte.gov.tw/ae/ae001q/pr-0001_0131-5659-i.pdf)。線上查閱:2020年4月26日。
4 本文收入紐約市現代藝術博物館(MoMA)在一九六三年出版的Hans Hofmann with Selected Writings by the Artist一書(https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_3439_300010626.pdf);線上查閱:2020年3月30日。「推拉理論」(Push-Pull Theory)可以說霍夫曼通過其個人教學與創作實踐獨創、且將之發揚光大的一套科學化的圖形張力說。
5 此處的二元關係論,比較接近「心物問題」(Mind-body
Problem,又譯為「心身問題」、「身心問題」)這個傳統的哲學問題,討論心靈(mind)與物質之間的關係,探討心靈如何透過身體,與外在世界進行互動,相互影響;可自行參考《維基百科》相關條目。
6 在畫作表面上——也就是在前者(平面)的基礎上——營造出一種形式上的景深感受。
7 霍夫曼對「造型」一詞的使用需要引申討論。在其有限含義中,它意指任何柔韌而可塑的材料,如模型黏土或軟陶黏土等。在德語中,「Plastiker」是「Bildhauer」(即「雕刻家」)的同義詞。倘使用在較不具物理意義的情況下,「造型」一詞可以泛指形塑的能力,比方說,自然的「塑造」能力,或「形體」的想像能力。霍夫曼分別在兩種意義上使用該詞,但將其開放的表示隱含其間的洞察力、操作力和創造力,從而將藝術家的作品與工匠、插畫家或裝飾者的產出區分開來。——按原文註釋5譯出
8 若從物理學意義上來把握的話,推和拉均含有勢或力的表現作用。在中文語境裡,這個略經吾人自作主張稍微增補的句式,似乎更能有效把握住霍夫曼的原意;如果照著原文直譯則為「推順應了拉,以及推和拉。」
9 零維是一個點,沒有長度;一維是線,只有長度;二維是一個平面,是由長度和寬度(或曲線)形成面積;三維是二維加上高度形成體積,在藝術或美學領域上一般都稱作「立體空間」;若用霍夫曼自己的話來說,三維更接近「自然的形體」,而與之相對應的二維則是「可塑的形體」。
10 一般畫面都偏向長方形。
11 意指藝術家在畫中擬造出具有立體感的形體;它涉及如何在畫作表面上運用深淺不一或明暗漸變的調子,遂使淺色調的平面顯得離觀者較近,而深色調的平面則離得較遠。
12 英文「perspective」一詞,在某種情況下亦可譯作用以表現遠景和近景的「透視」法則。
13 同註6恰恰相反,亦即,自然世界的深度顯示為景深前後不一或遠近有別的感受。
14 按原文將「picture
plane」直譯作「畫作表面」亦無不可,然而此處卻可理解成「圖形塊面」的意思。
===
Push and Pull
The mystery of plastic creation is based upon the dualism of the
two-dimensional and the three-dimensional.
The term "push and pull," which Hofmann originated
to designate the simultaneous operation of flatness and depth, has become
famous. It is a phenomenon central to much of the greatest painting of the last
half century: "Only from the varied counter play of push and pull, and
from its variation in intensities, will plastic creation result."
"Push is answered by pull, and pull with push."
Eyesight (as
distinguished from expanded perception) compresses the three dimensions of
reality into the two dimensions which make up appearance. In the mind this
screen of colored light has a volumetric effect. Because drawing paper and
canvas are flat, the "appearance and the picture plane are identical in
their essence." As a physical fact, a painting is made up of variously
colored and toned arrangements of points, lines, and areas within a rectangle.
If a plastic result is to be achieved, Hofmann points out, two opposing
pitfalls must be avoided: on the one hand a flatness which is passive and
empty, and on the other a depth which is imitative and sterile. The untouched
canvas is empty, but a "touched" canvas can be empty also: "Such
will be the case when the picture surface is only tastefully used as carrier of
a superposed ornamental design." Instances of passive flatness are all
around us in decoration and commercial art (and in works by certain so-called
"pop artists” who emulate the banality of advertising and commercial
illustration). Such painting signifies to Hofmann "either plastic ignorance
or total emptiness." When he speaks of ''empty flatness," therefore,
he means "empty of plastic content." The opposite danger — the
imitation of real depth and bulk by the use of Renaissance perspective and
tonal modeling — "makes the picture surface into an immense hole in the
architectural wall. Renaissance perspective has only one direction into depth.
Depth does not answer back pictorially. This produces a sterile space which is
the exact opposite of pictorial space. The mirror also (like bad painting)
produces only the illusion of 'naturalistic' space." At best, illusionism "represents a
special case," comprising only "a portion of what is felt about
three-dimensional experience."
Like the dualism of reality and appearance in nature,
plastic creation is spatially divergent. Forced by his medium to operate solely
through the spectator's vision, the painter must achieve plasticity while
"activating," but never violating, the picture's two-dimensionality —
logically impossible though this feat seems to be. "What we experience in
nature 'conceptually' as depth transforms on the picture surface into an act of
shifting [Figure 2]. The physical carriers in the act of
shifting are the pictorial means employed……"Every two-dimensional shift on the picture surface also entails a volumetric
assertion. To Hofmann this two-valued, aesthetically created space is as real,
in its way, as that of nature: a phenomenon based on "the reality of the
hidden inherent laws of the picture surface." The maintenance of flatness
thus never means the exclusion of depth, "It means on the contrary one
hundred per cent realization of three-dimensionality and not a lot less. The
potential of one hundred per cent three-dimensionality is
two-dimensionality."
A more easily understood consideration of space may be found
in Hofmann's observations on positive and negative space in sculpture — a
medium much closer than painting to the reality of nature:
All basic forms exist as volumes. A
volume is a more or less complicated plane formation.
The characteristic of a plane is
its two-dimensional surface. Planes move around and thereby define a basic
form. The manifold movements of all planes surrounding the kernel of a basic
form [Figure 1] create an active and vital plastic
volume. We have defined a physical volume as a more or less complicated plane
formation. A multitude of such volumes offers, of course, considerably more
difficulties for plastic analysis……
Sculpture deals with basic forms.
The basic forms are: cubes, cones, spheres and pyramids. Every subject has a
characteristic basic form……
Volumes penetrate each other and in
this way are no longer single formations. When two or more volumes penetrate
one another, a totally new form is created.
Basic forms are positive space
volumes; negative space is created through the opposition of these positive
space volumes. Positive space is life-fulfilled — negative space is force
impelled. Both exist simultaneously — both condition each other — neither is
conceivable without the other. Only the simultaneous existence of positive and
negative space creates a plastic unity.
When, in discussing painting, Hofmann states that "form
must be balanced by space," that form and space must "exist together
in a three-dimensional unity," he could be talking of sculpture, or even
of space in nature. But when he concludes that spatial unity is represented by
"the two-dimensional unity of the picture plane," another medium and
aesthetic realm has been entered; space and flatness must exist simultaneously
and, consequently, in tension.
Many of Hofmann's recent works [color plate] are
built up entirely or in part from large rectangular planes of color aligned
parallel to the picture plane. He is acutely concerned with the distance that
separates these planes, and whether they touch or overlap. On this score he
distinguishes between opposing modes: one in which "the element of
overlapping plays a predominant part in the pictorial development," and
another, in which "the element of overlapping is entirely removed and replaced
by the element of shifting," that results in a more equivocal push and
pull. In recent years he most often employs the less obvious, more optically
variable method of juxtaposing elements that do not overlap.
It was through long experience as an artist and teacher that
Hofmann learned that depth in nature transforms into an act of formal shifting.
"The totality of sensitive controlled shifting actions produces finally
the coexistence of a produced depth rhythm and a two-dimensional surface rhythm,
and with it a new reality in the form of pictorial space." The result is a
continual mediation and tension between alternatives, so that the nouns
"space" and "flatness" become all but synonymous with the
verbs "push" and "pull." Plastic depth is thus never static,
but, like natural depth, is active. "The movement of a carrier on a flat
surface is possible only through an act of shifting left and right or up and
down. To create the phenomenon of push and pull on a flat surface one has to
understand that by nature the picture plane reacts automatically in the opposite
direction to the stimulus received; thus action continues as long as it
receives stimulus in the creative process."
【彩圖3】
Quotas from Hans Hofmann
漢斯·霍夫曼語錄
Creation創作
Creation is dominated by three absolutely factors: first,
nature which affects us by its laws; second, the artist who creates a spiritual
contact with nature and with his materials; and third, the medium of expression
through with the artist translates his inner world.
三個主導創作的絕對條件:首先、對我們產生作用的大自然與其規律;其次、同大自然與諸種媒材能產生心靈相通的藝術家;及第三、足以讓藝術家轉譯其內心世界的表現媒介。
The Medium媒材
The difference between the arts arises because of the difference in the
mediums of expression, and in the emphasis induced by the nature of each
medium. Each means of expression has its own order of beings.
諸多藝術之所以大異其趣,莫不是衍生於那些表現媒介本身具有的落差,乃至因應個別媒材的性質而成的特點。每一種表現手法自有其存在的秩序。
Push and Pull 推和拉
The mystery of plastic creation is based upon the dualism of the
two-dimensional and three-dimensional.
有關造型創造的玄妙之處乃是立基於二維和三維空間的二元關係論。
Only from the varied counter play of push and pull, and from its
variation in intensities, will plastic creation result.
唯有從推與拉那參差不一的來力反擊,以及透過其強度變化,使造型創作因而成之。
What we experience in nature “conceptually” as depth transforms on the
picture surface into an act of shifting. The physical carries in the act of
shifting are the pictorial means employ……
我們在自然界「從概念上」體驗到的景深感受轉化到畫面上成為一種移動作用。在移動作用下那些有形載體都是用諸於繪畫的手段……
The totality of sensitive controlled shifting actions produce finally
the coexistence of a produced depth rhythm and two-dimensional surface rhythm,
and with it a new reality in the form of pictorial space.
這一全面性的敏銳感覺主宰各種移動作用,最終創造了一種擬製的深進律動和二維空間的表面律動的共同存在,新的現實遂以繪畫空間的形式生成。
The movement of a carrier on a flat surface is possible only through an
act of shifting left and right or up and down. To create the phenomenon of push
and pull on a flat surface one has to understand that by nature the picture
plane reacts automatically in the opposite direction to the stimulus received;
thus action continue as long as it receives stimulus in creative process.
載體在平坦的表面上的動勢,唯有通過左右或上下的移動作用才可能實現。若要在平坦的表面上產生推和拉的現象,我們必須明白,自然而然地圖形塊面一旦接受干預便會自動起回力作用。
因此,在創作過程中,類似作用只需受到激發便會延伸下去。
Push is answered by pull, and push and pull.
推力順應了拉力,以及推和拉的順勢交換作用力。
■ COVID-19 Global Pandemic/全國行動管制令第n週/譯寫於班蘭嶺下。
■ COVID-19 Global Pandemic/全國行動管制令第n週/譯寫於班蘭嶺下。
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